Motion
Position
The location of an object with respect to a particular point, is known as the position of the object.
Scalar and Vector quantities
Physical quantities with which we can associate only magnitude, i.e. numbers are called scalar quantities. e.g. time, mass, speed, distance etc.
Physical quantities with which we can associate magnitude, i.e. numbers as well as direction are called vector quantities.
Distance versus Displacement
1. Displacement of a moving object can never be greater than the distance travelled by it.
2. If a body moves along a straight line (only in one direction), then distance and displacement will be equal.
3. The magnitude of the displacement for a course of motion may be zero but the corresponding distance covered is not zero.
4. Displacement of the object can be positive, negative or zero.
Example:A jogger jogs along one length and breadth of a rectangular park. If the dimensions of park are 150m × 120m, then find the distance travelled and displacement of the jogger.
Uniform and non-uniform motion
Uniform motion
A body is said to have a uniform motion, if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of time.
Non-uniform motion
A body is said to have a non-uniform motion, if it travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
Rate of motion
The ratio of distance travelled by an object and time taken is called rate of motion.
Speed
Speed of an object is defined as the distance travelled by it in per unit time.
Speed of an object (v) = Distance(s)/Time(t)
Speed is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m/s).
Types of speed
The various types of speed are as given below:
(i) Uniform speed: If a moving body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, then the speed of the body is said to be uniform, i.e. constant speed.
(ii) Non-uniform speed:If a moving body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, then the speed of the body is said to be non-uniform, i.e. variable speed.
(iii) Average speed:It is defined as the ratio of the total distance travelled by a body to the total time taken. It is expressed as
Average speed= Total distance travelled/ Total time taken
= s1+ s2+ s3+…/ t1+ t2+ t3+…
(iv) Instantaneous speed: The speed of an object at any particular instant of time or at a particular point of its path is called the instantaneous speed of the object.
Example:An object travels 14m in 4s and then another 16m in 2s. What is the average speed of an object?
Speed with direction: Velocity
Velocity of an object (v) = Displacement (d)/ Time (t)
Velocity is a vector quantity. The SI unit of velocity is metre per second (m/s). Velocity of an object can be positive, zero or negative.
Types of velocity
The various types of velocity are as given below:
(i) Uniform velocity: If an object covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time without changing direction, then its velocity is known as uniform velocity, i.e. constant velocity.
(ii) Non-uniform velocity:If an object covers unequal displacements in equal intervals of time, then its velocity is known as non-uniform velocity, i.e. variable velocity.
(iii) Average Velocity: It is defined as the ratio of total displacement of the object to the total time taken.
(iv) Instantaneous velocity: The velocity of an object at a particular instant of time or at a particular point of its path is called its instantaneous velocity.
Example:Rajeev went from Delhi to Chandigarh on his motorbike. The odometer of that read 4200 km at the start of trip and 4460 km at the end of his trip. If Rajeev took 4h 20min to complete his trip, then find the average speed and average velocity in km/h as well as in m/s.
Graphical representation of motion
Types of graph
1. Distance-time graph
The change in the position of an object with time can be represented on the distance-time graph adopting a convenient scale of choice.
(i) Distance-time graph for uniform motion
If an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, then it moves with uniform speed.
(ii) Distance-time graph for non-uniform motion
It a body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time, then the motion of the body is known as non-uniform motion.
2. Velocity-Time graph
(i) Velocity-Time graph for a body moving with constant velocity
(ii) Velocity-Time graph for uniform accelerated motion
(iii) Velocity-Time graph for non-uniform accelerated motion
Q1. Three Difference between Distance and Displacement.
Q2. Types of velocity. Explain briefly.
Q3. An object travels 14m in 4s and then another 16m in 2s. What is the average speed of an object?
1ans
1.Displacement of an moving object can never be greater than the distance travelled by it.
2.If a body moves along a straight line (only in one direction),then distance and displancement will be equal.
3.Displacement of the object can be positive,negative or zero.
There are four types of velocity:-
1.Uniform velocity
2.Non-uniform velocity.
3.Average velovity.
4.Instantaneous celocity.
3.ans
The average speed is 16m in 2s.
Homework
ansQ1. The distance travelled by the object and distance specify only the numerical value and not the direction of motion. The shortest distance measured from the initial to the final position of an object is known as the displacement.
ansQ2. The four types of velocity÷
• Uniform velocity.
• non-Uniform velocity.
• average velocity.
• instantaneous velocity.
ansQ3. Solution
Total distance travelled by the object
Ans.2) four type of velocity-:
– uniform velocity .
– non uniform velocity.
– average velocity.
– instantaneous velocity.
Ans3) average speed = total distance/total time .
= 14 + 16 / 4+2 = 30/ 6
= 5 m/s.
Ans 1)- The distance is scalar quantity.
– the total distance travel by a body from initial to final position is called distance.
– Distance covered by a body cannot be zero .
– Displacement
– The shortest distance from initial to final position is called displacement .
– displacement is vector quantity .
– displacement can be zero when body come back to its initial position.