Forest Society and Colonialism Questions and Answers Class 9

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism Questions and Answers

Q1). Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people:

(a) Shifting cultivators
(b) Nomadic and pastoralist communities
(c) Firms trading in timber/forest produce
(d) Plantation owners
(e) Kings/British officials engaged in a shikar.

Ans- (a) Shifting cultivators -:

Affect on shifting cultivators

The changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the shifting cultivator as mentioned below-:

(i) . European forests regarded the practice of shifting cultivation as harmful for the forest therefore the government decided to ban shifting cultivation due to this lots of people were jobless.

(ii) . As a result, many communities were forced to bully displaced from their homes in the forest.

(iii) . Some had to change their occupation while some registered for large and small rebellions.

(iv) . The condition of forest communities reduce.

(b) Nomadic and pastoralist communities-:

• Under the change in the forest management grazing and hunting by local people were restricted in the process many pastoralists and Nomadic communities like the karva, Karachi, and verukula of presidency lost their livelihood.

(i) . Some of them begin to be called criminal tribes as they money from one place to another.

(ii) . British officers thought that they might convey the message from one place to another place.

(iii). for ex= in Assam and organ from Jharkhand and gone from Chhattisgarh were recognised nature at work on tea.

PLANTATION WITH LOW WAGES-:

(i) . They were also not allowed to return easily to their name.

(c) Firms trading in timber/forest produce-:

(i) . From the medieval period onwards Adivasi communities like banjaras had been trading elephants and other goods like horns ivory etc. with the help of other communities.

(ii) . European trading firms average gave the sole right to trade in the forest product.

(iii) . Trade was completely regulated by the government.

(iv) . They were forced to work in factories and plantations under government supervision.

(d) Plantation owners-:

(i) . Large areas of natural forest were coloured to make way for tea coffee and rubber plantation to make European grow the need for these communities.

(ii) . The colonial government took over the forest to give the best area to European planters at a cheap rate.

(e) Kings/British officials engaged in a shikar-:

Effects on King/British officials engaged in shikar under new forest management are-:

(i) . While the forest law drove people of the constant right to hunt hunting became a shot of the British.

(ii) . King and British allowed hunting in reserve in the forest.

(iii) . The British or large animal as a sign of bravery.

(iv) . They have that the British will civilize India the maharaja of sarajua alone hunted 1157 tigers and 2000 leopards.

Q2). What are the similarities between colonial management of forests in Bastar and Java?

Ans-

BASTARJAVA
(i) . The forest act was introduced by the British in 1865 and paid twice in 1870 and 1927.in Java touch enacted the forest act and introduced by forest service.
(ii) . Shifting cultivation was banned.the restricted village to access forest products.
(iii) . Forest was reserved no one could enter without permission.the village can only take wood for a specific purpose like making a ship.
(iv) . Hunting and collectivisation of forests were banned.villager was punished for grazing cattle

Q3). Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.6 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factor in the decline:

  1. Railways
  2. Shipbuilding
  3. Agricultural expansion
  4. Commercial farming
  5. Tea/Coffee plantations
  6. Adivasis and other peasant users.

Ans- RAILWAYS-:

(i) . The spread of railway in the 1850s created new demand for railways for councils trade and movement of troops.

(ii) . Turan locomotives would be needed as fuel for sleepers.

(iii) . Each mile of railway track required between 1760 and 2000 sleeper.

(iv) . The government gives out contracts to the individual supplies the required quantity.

(v) . As early as 1850 in the Madras presidency alone 3500 trees were being cut only for the sleeper.

SHIPBUILDING-:

(i) . In the early 19th century as there was the storage of trees Timber was required for the building of the ship.

(ii) . So people were sent to India to explore the forest resources and within a decade trees were cut on a massive scale.

(iii) . Timber was exported from India to Europe for his proposal.

AGRICULTURE EXPANSION-:

(i) . As the population increased and the demand for food went up and peasants extended the boundaries of cultivation.

(ii) . For this clearing forest and making new land.

(iii) . For ex= 1/6 of India’s land was under cultivation but it increased to about one-half during the colonial period.

COMMERCIAL FARMING-:

(i) . The British directly encouraged production of commercial crops like jute cotton sugar can it is the demand for these crops increased to feed the growing urban population and raw materials more required for industrial production.

(ii) . The forest was brought under cultivation so that the land could yield agricultural product and revenue and enhance the income of the state.

(iii) . Cultivated areas rose wise 6.7 million hectares.

TEA/COFFEE PLANTATION-:

(i) . Large areas of natural forest were cleared to make way for tea coffee and rubber plantation.

(ii) . The colonial government took over the forest and gave the worst areas to European planters at a cheap rate.

(iii) . These areas were enclosed also that no one could enter.

ADIVASIS AND OTHER PEASANTS USERS-:

(i) . Adivasis and other peasant users use forest products like fruit, leaves, roots, flowers, etc for men’s things.

(ii) . For ex= herbs for medicine would for housing fruit etc.

Q4). Why are forests affected by wars?

Ans-First world war and the second world war had a major impact on forests are-:

(i) . In India working plans were founded at this time and the forest department cut the trees freely to meet British war needs.

(ii) . In Java just before the Japanese occupied the reason the Dutch followed a soft Earth policy destroying our nails and burning use piles of giant take dogs so that they would not fall into the Japanese hand.

(iii) . The Japanese then exploited the forest recklessly for their own war industries forcing forest villages to cut down a forest.

(iv) . After the war, it was difficult for Indonesian forest services to get land back.

(v) . In India people’s need for agricultural land brought them into conflict with the forest department’s desire to control the land and exclude people from it.

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